African-American Women Understanding The Problems of...

African-American Women: Gender and Race Introduction African-American women have often been an overlooked group with the larger context of American Society. Historically, oppression has been meted out to the African-American woman in two ways. Historically, everything afforded to African-American, from educational and employment opportunities to health care have been sub-par. As women they have been relegated even further in a patriarchal society that has always, invariably, held men in higher regard. Throughout history black women have been referred to as â€Å"slave†, â€Å"wench†, â€Å"nigger† and â€Å"mammy† amongst other things. Her children have been referred to as â€Å"pickaninny† and â€Å"niglet†. They have been beaten, routinely raped and abused in†¦show more content†¦In terms of mental, emotional and physical health how does the African-American woman compare with other cultural groups? How does she cope? How does she view herself and her circumstances? Where is sh e now in terms of employment and educational opportunities? Historical Overview The first Africans landed on the shores of America in 1619, there were 17 men and three women. When they arrived these Africans were not considered slaves, they were instead identified as indentured servants. This would eventually change and by the time slavery ended in 1865 it is estimated that more than 500.000 Africans had been imported to America as slave labor. Although there were many common factors within the institution of slavery for both men and women there were also circumstances that were unique to women. â€Å"The first slaves to be brought to the British colonies of North America were disproportionately male. Considered more valuable workers because of their strength, enslaved men performed labors that ranged from building houses to plowing fields. 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Roth The Stain of Mankind Essay - 1589 Words

The Stain of Mankind In life you are faced with many challenges and hardships. It is these experiences and how you react to them that shapes and gives you your character. The Human Stain, a novel by Philip Roth is a detailed account of the past of the characters and how the choices that they made build them to be the person that they are today. Everyone has things that they are not proud of from their past. These are essentially the human stains that Roth used as a foundation for The Human Stain. These stains are not limited to a specific person, gender, race, or even society. The prominent stain that affects the protagonist is with his own race. Many of the past experiences that the characters go through take place during America’s†¦show more content†¦I had no idea what color these students might be† (Roth 6). After he was fired, he and his wife Iris became targets of scrutiny. Shortly after the â€Å"spooks† incident Iris passes away and Coleman claims that the â€Å"spo oks† incident led to her death. Following her funeral Coleman visits the novels narrator Nathan Zuckerman, a professional writer. He asks him to write his story of Coleman Silk. â€Å"I had to write something for him – he all but ordered me to†¦ [I] had to put aside whatever else I might be doing and write about how his enemies at Athena, in striking out at him, had instead felled her† (Roth 11). The â€Å"spooks† incident posed a paradox situation of irony because Silk is living a fallacy with his very own life. Silk is actually a light skinned African American living as a Caucasian because of his disgrace to his own heritage. It was this lie that he was living hat caused him to lose everything dear to him. Silk’s stain destroyed the image that he once had. But over time, he experienced second chance at life. He reveals to Zuckerman, â€Å"I’m having an affair Nathan. I’m having an affair with a thirty four year old woman. I can ’t tell you what it has done to me† (Roth 26). The woman’s name is Faunia who is a janitor at Athena College. He tells Nathan about Faunia’s life shortly after he reveals the affair and states that she was abused by her

The Responsibilities of a Business Leaders Free Essays

In the past, people that were above average in one area of leadership skills could survive as a leader. Technology has forced an adaptation in practically all aspects of the business environment over the past decade. The level of skills for leaders in the 21st century will need to adapt as well. We will write a custom essay sample on The Responsibilities of a Business Leaders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tomorrow’s business leaders will need to possess a much broader range and higher level of leadership skills. First of all, good human relations skills may be the baseline characteristic of tomorrow’s leaders. If an individual does not have good human relations skills or just does not get along with other people, then they will probably be doomed as a leader from the beginning. It is hard for an individual that does not get along with others to motivate anybody to do anything. Therefore, a good idea may be dismissed, if one is unable to generate some excitement or motivate others to jump on board. This is why being able to motivating people is such an important aspect of being a leader. Tomorrow’s leaders will also transition more power from themselves to the people. Leaders will need to recognize and utilize through empowerment their most talented people. Acting as a role model will help demonstrate leadership styles and be the example for other people to emulate. Secondly, better time management skills are another characteristic that will be required of the future leaders. Managing and using hours efficiently on the telephone, doing paperwork, attending meetings and working on the computer is critical. Leaders waste time everyday by attending non-productive meetings, working on non-value added paperwork and even little things like using email inefficiently. This time adds up quickly and the costs associated are significant, since most leaders earn relatively large salaries. For instance, look at any CEO of a large corporation that probably earns at least $2,000,000 per year. This calculates to about $16 a minute. If the CEO wastes just 15 minutes per day, it cost the company and shareholders more than $60,000 per year. The same holds true for all employees, but the dollars wasted are much more significant with the middle managers and up. Next, the leadership characteristic that has been changing the most rapidly over the past decade is technical skills. Technology, and more precisely the use of computers, has increased dramatically over the last five to ten years. Much more information on a wide variety of subjects is at everyone’s fingertips. Leaders that know how to access and use this information will be ahead of the rest when it comes to possessing critical knowledge. This will also make it easier for tomorrow’s leaders to be thinkers and doers rather than just thinkers. In the past, leaders would just command people; there was not a great need for the leaders to be doers. But, by being a doer, tomorrow’s leaders will set an example for other people or doers to follow, rather than just barking out commands. Finally, having good problem solving and decision-making skills are two more key characteristics for tomorrow’s leaders. As people, technical, time management and any other types of issues arise, one must be able to evaluate a problem, then develop and implement a solution. By possessing a broader range and higher level of leadership skills today, the leaders of tomorrow will evolve. How to cite The Responsibilities of a Business Leaders, Essay examples

Professional Environment Busta Bigwig Alice

Question: Describe about the Professional Environment for Busta Bigwig Alice. Answer: Is there an Ethical Dilemma? After getting a mail from Busta Bigwig, the owner of the ACE, there were certain questions that Sheila should resolve while considering the whole matter again about dismissing Alice from the job and hiring her again. With the legality she also needs to discover whether there is any ethical dilemma that needs to be look closely. The very first thing she does is to look upon the laws governing the situation. She has find out that there are certain laws which could assist her to deal with the issue. The main issue was that whether it was right to fire Alice from the job without looking into the whole matter closely and the program she has to offer.(Relkin, 2006) Sheila knows that it is legal as Alice was fired formally by issuing employment termination letter. After ensuring the legality, Sheila still feels that there is an ethical dilemma which needs to be addressed.(Shinder, 2005) Ted rejected Alices program by regarding it as dangerous due to its validation feature and also terminated her from the job without any valid reason. Both the situation raises an ethical question. Sheila felt that there is something wrong with Alices termination. Sheila prefers to keep quiet about the original entity of Lock-Smith and the termination of Alice when Busta asked her to hire Lock-Smith for ACE. But still the direction is not clear. So she decided to go for more formal guidelines. Does the act consistent with the corporate policy? Sheila find out that corporate policy does not allow for unreasonable termination of any employee and the act violated the ethical code of conduct also. Now the guideline asks does the act violate the Golden Rule. It means, Sheila must ask herself if she would want this to be done to her. Would she want to get terminated without any valid reason and further reviewing of the matter? Alice has to know the reason of her termination which is violated. Also as a head, it is Sheila's duty to review the matter closely which was not met. If everyone acted the way like Ted did then it might happen in the future that other employees are also fired without any valid reason. At this point, it is clear to Sheila that there is an ethical dilemma. To determine a specific course of action, now she moves to examination of ethical principles by application of four-step process. 2: Four-steps of Ethical Analysis and Decision Making Process Step I Understand the Situation 1A: List and number of the relevant facts ACE Inc., one of the major graphics software providers in Australia. Alice is a system programmer at ACE who currently assists in computer security matters and has an extensive knowledge of all the problems concerned with ACEs security procedures, systems, and networks. Due to her interest and knowledge in systems security software, Alice developed an anti-virus program at home. To make her program stand out from other competitors, she designed it and makes it operate in a network environment. Most important feature of the program is validation. This allows the user to copy and modify the virus to any quarantined memory location. After successful trials, Alice approached her manager Ted and offered the program to ACE as she was aware of the virus infections of ACE and that this program could greatly improve ACEs security. Ted examined Alices proposal and denied to buy it by calling it as very dangerous program. (CalChamber, 2016) Due to unreasonable rejection of her program she decided to become a consultant named Lock-Smith on the internet and released her program on a Bulletin Board System under the name Safe-Tee. After knowing about Alices consultation service and who actually Lock Smith is, Ted immediately fired Alice (by formally issuing her with the required notice of employment termination) and informed his manager, Sheila Silk. Sheila Silk, the executive Head of IT at ACE, considers Alice as a disorganized person and always has a high opinion of Ted. She supported Teds decision to sack Alice with no further review of the case being necessary. Busta Bigwig, the owner of the ACE, instructed Sheila to find Lock-Smith and offer him a position in ACE. Sheila knows who Lock-Smith actually is and decided to consider the situation. 1B: Which of these raise an ethical issue? What is the potential or resulting harm? Number potential or resulting harm 5 users can use the feature for wrong purpose 9 does unreasonable termination provides job security to employees 10 personal disliking causes the case to remain unsolved and company losses its faithful employee 1C: List the stakeholders involved Alice Ted, the Head of I.T Security at ACE, Sheila Silk, the executive Head of IT at ACE Busta Bigwig, the owner of the ACE ACE as a corporation All ACE employees ACE customers People taking consultation services from Lock-smith Society as a whole Step II Isolate the Major Ethical Dilemma Should Sheila review the case and the program before terminating Alice from the job so that a valid reason of dismissal can be stated? Step III Ethical Analysis Consequentialism: If action in Step II is done, who will be harmed? No one will be harmed. If action in Step II is NOT done, who will be harmed? Alice would be harmed as she loses her job. Which alternative results in the least harm? Alternative A will result in least harm. If action in Step II is done, who will benefit? ACE would be benefited as after proper review, the company will not lose its faithful employee and also the program developed by Alice would be beneficial for ACEs security. Also, other employees will get assurance of proper review of any such issue in future. If action in Step II is NOT done, who will be benefited? No One will benefited Which alternative results in the maximum benefit? Alternative D will result in maximum benefit. Consequentialism Comments (on the choices at C. and F.) If Sheila reviews the whole case and the program, less or no people will be harmed as compared to when she does not review the case. Selecting alternative A and D will result in considering the valid reasons of termination and also helps in differentiating the good and bad features of the program (Sheldon, 2016). Rights and Duties: List relevant abridged rights and neglected duties Employees have a right to know on what basis they have been terminated. ACE has a right to protect its employees from unreasonable job dismissal and support them for their new inventions. Ted, as a head of IT department, has a duty to take any decision after considering all the facts properly. Sheila, as an executive head, has a duty to ask Ted the valid reason for any of his action. ACE has a duty to not offer any program to its user which can be used for any wrong motives. (Howe, 2016) Rights and Duties Comments: From the above it can be said that certain rights and duties are in conflicting position, such as ACE has a right to support its employees for new inventions but at the same time has a duty to not offer any dangerous program to its user that can be misused. Kants Categorical Imperative: (Kant, 2016) If action in Step II is done, who will be treated with disrespect? No One If action in Step II is NOT done, who will be treated with disrespect? Busta Bigwig, the owner of the ACE Which alternative is preferable? Alternative H is preferable If action in Step II is done, who will be treated unlike others? Alice. She will get special treatment as Busta wants Sheila to offer position to Lock-Smith in ACE. If action in Step II is NOT done, who will be treated unlike others? No One Which alternative is preferable? Are there benefits if everyone did action in Step II? Yes. Employees will have chance to prove their part and proper review would result in right decision Are there any benefits if nobody did action in Step II? No. unreasonable termination will lessen employees trust Which alternative is preferable? N Step III Discussion. Looking to the above analysis, it can be said that the main issue is to consider the whole case of Alice termination and at the same time review the features of the program that Alice has to offer so that dangerous feature, if any, can be removed. It is clear that bringing Alice and her expertise to the ACE again and purchasing the program that provide good security to ACE outweigh the dangerous feature of Validation contained in the program because that feature can be removed with some negotiations but losing faithful employees without any valid reason is not ethical(Kallman Grillo, 1996). The conclusion is D, G2 and N should be given the priority and Sheila should review the case as well as program features in detail. Step IV Making a decision IV A. Make a defensible ethical decision Sheila should review the whole case properly and also consider all the features of the program that Alice has to offer to ACE. If anything seems dangerous about the program then she can ask Alice to remove that feature from that program by giving valid reasons(Gilbert, 2012). IV B. List the steps needed to implement your defensible ethical decision Sheila will call Alice and examine all the features of the program Alice has to offer. She will also ask Ted to give reasons for rejecting Alices program and her termination. If she feels that validation feature is actually dangerous then she will ask Alice to remove this feature from the program so that users will not misuse it and will get ready to purchase the program. Sheila will also inform Alice and Ted about the instructions from Busta and offer a good position to Alice in ACE again. References CalChamber, 2016. Employee Termination. [Online] Available at: https://www.calchamber.com/california-employment-law/pages/termination.aspx [Accessed 17 september 2016]. Gilbert, J., 2012. Ethics for Managers: Philosophical Foundations and Business Realities. Routledge. Howe, R., 2016. Corporate Rights Duties. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/corporate-rights-duties-70463.html [Accessed 17 september 2016]. Kallman, E.A. Grillo, J.P., 1996. Ethical Decision Making and Information Technology. McGraw Hill. Kant, I., 2016. Chapter 2: Ethical Traditions. [Online] Available at: https://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/MEDICAL_ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_2_Ethical_Traditions/Categorical_Imperative.htm [Accessed 17 september 2016]. Relkin, J., 2006. 10 ethical issues confronting IT managers. [Online] Available at: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/10-ethical-issues-confronting-it-managers/ [Accessed 17 september 2016]. Sheldon, M., 2016. Establishing a Termination Policy Guidelines. [Online] Available at: https://www.thehartford.com/business-playbook/in-depth/employee-termination-policy-guidelines [Accessed 17 september 2016]. Shinder, D., 2005. Ethical issues for IT security professionals. [Online] Available at: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2557944/security0/ethical-issues-for-it-security-professionals.html [Accessed 17 september 2016].

Art In 19th Century Essays - Literature, Poetry, French Poetry

Art In 19th Century Realism, Naturalism, and Symbolism were popular modes of expression by writers of that era. Such modes of expression were the use of nature in their writings. Two poets that really stand out among the rest are Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) and Paul Verlaine (1844-1896). Baudelaire was referred to by many as the "first Modern Poet" and the "father of modern criticism". Verlaine like Baudelaire was a symbolist poet, he was also French and referred to as the "Prince of Poets". Both these poets touch on nature in their poems. It was in Baudelaire's Song of Autumn I and Verlaine's Autumn Song that similarities and differences were most evident. Their views of autumn had melodramatic view of death and at the same time can contrast with one another. Throughout this paper I will discuss the parallelism and divergence between these two poems. In Baudelaire's first stanza of Song of Autumn I, he explains how the end of summer is near and the weather will become cold. He starts the reader off in the end of summer. "Soon we shall plunge into the chilly fogs; Farewell, Swift light! Our summers are too short (line 1-2, pg. 1151). Baudelaire then begins to explain the chopping down of the trees to gather firewood. This idea of the rhythmic thump firewood being delivered is repeated throughout his poem. In Verlaine's Autumn Song, the first stanza is told in a very monotonous tone much like the first stanza of Song of autumn. Verlaine talks about long sobs and the feeling he has in heart, what he describing is the end of summer and begging of the gloomy season of autumn. This is exactly the same that Baudelaire describes in his first stanza. Verlaine difference in this stanza is that he starts the poem already in autumn whereas Bauderlaire starts his poem in the end of the summer. In the second stanza of Autumn Song, Verlaine discusses the feeling he has inside of him. "Choking and pale when I mind the tale the hours keep"(lines 6-9, pg. 1169). Verlaine then relates back to memories of the summer and this makes him cry. My memory strays down other days and I weep,"(lines 10-12, pg. 1169). He also even makes references to idea of daylight savings time, "the hours keep,"(line 9, pg.1169). In that line he is saying that along with the gloomy aura of autumn there is now an extra hour. In Song of Autumn I, Baudelaire's second stanza follows the theme of Verlaine. Here Baudelaire like Verlaine explains his personal feeling of autumn. "All of winter will gather in my soul: Hate, anger, horror, chills, the hard forced work;"(lines 4-5, pg. 1151). Baudelaire however has a more cynical approach to his feeling; he describes in several adjectives the extent of his pain. Baudelaire's next two lines really personify his feelings, "And. Like the sun in his hell by the North Pole, My heart will be only a red and frozen block,"(lines 6-8, pg. 1151). What he is exemplifying in these lines is the strong hate that burns inside of him. Baudelaire seems to loathe everything that deals with autumn. As these poems progress there is an evident contrast in the tones of the poets writings. Verlaine has maintained a very slow and monotonous tone throughout, whereas Bauderlaire has been very boisterous about his feelings. Similar to a fire that has gasoline thrown on his fire his raging bigger and bigger with each stanza. In Song of Autumn I, stanza three, there really is no correlation between this stanza and the third stanza in Autumn Song. There is however a major contrast with this stanza and the whole poem by Verlaine. Baudelaire has kept a pattern of mentioning the idea of the chopping of firewood. He has kept it to an ever-other stanza pattern. Verlaine has no correlation between autumn and firewood. Baudelaire looks at autumn in a way that squirrel might. A squirrel spends autumn preparing for long haul of winter so the squirrel his constantly working through autumn. Baudelaire explains "All of winter will gather in my soul, the hard forced work,"(lines4-5, pg. 1151). He is saying the he has a lot of work to do to before the winter comes. In stanza three you see that constant chopping of logs is taking it's toll on Baudelaire. "I shudder, hearing every log that falls; No scaffold could be built with hollower sounds,"(lines 9-10, pg. 1151). It's almost as like Baudelaire is teetering on the brink of insanity with all the chopping of the

DEMENTIA

DEMENTIA DEMENTIADementia diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), have a large impact on the everyday life of persons affected, their spouses, and the staff involved in their daily living (Borell, 1992). For example, the cognitive dysfunctions resulting from dementia diseases interfere largely with the performance of most activities of daily living (ADL) (BÂ ¤ckman, 1992). Consequently, an urgent need exists to develop programs supporting everyday occupation for persons with dementia. Occupational therapy can help persons with a dementia disease to regain and retain meaningful life skills (Rogers, 1986). Yet few such programs are documented; and few attempts have been made to evaluate the effects of such programs on the performance of ADL among individuals exhibiting dementia. Furthermore, it is unclear what the focus of such programs should be. Should the intervention seek to improve the cognitive constituents underlying performance of ADL (e.g., memory), or should it focus on environme ntal and social conditions supporting task performance (Fisher, 1992)?Several attempts have been made to enhance cognitive functions, like memory, in persons with dementia diseases (BÂ ¤ckman, 1990).English: Histopathogic image of senile plaques see...Throughout these stages a specific sequence of cognitive deterioration is observed (Lezak, 1993). The mild stage begins with memory, attention, speed dependent activities, and abstract reasoning dysfunction. Also mild language impairments begin to surface. In the moderate stage, language deficits such as aphasia and apraxia become prominent. Dysfluency, paraphasias, and bizzare word combinations are common midstage speech defects. In the severe stage the patient is gradually reduced to a vegetative state. Speech becomes nonfluent, repetitive, and largely non-communicative. Auditory comprehension is exceedingly limited, with many patients displaying partial or complete mutism. Late in the course of the disease many neuropsychological f unctions can no longer be measured. Also primitive reflexes such as grasp and suck emerge. Death usually results from a disease such as pneumonia which overwhelms the limited vegetative functions of the patient.Dementia is commonly differentiated along two dimensions: age and cortical level. The first dimension,

Globalization and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization and Technology - Essay Example Information technologies such as the internet are a factor that positively influenced globalization around the world. The internet has influenced globalization in several ways. People can use the internet to communicate across the world with other people. Cultural barriers were broken due to the internet because people can use the internet to learn about other cultures. A database that can be access with the facility of the internet that is very useful to learn about cultural matters is the CultureGrams database. An example of a website that has used the internet to reach the global population is Facebook. The internet led to the development of virtual companies. One of the most successful virtual companies with global sales of $8.7 billion in 2009 is the online auction site EBay (Ebay, 2011). EBay is one of many companies that is benefiting from e-commerce transactions. In 2010 the size of the US e-commerce marketplace was $153 billion (Plunkett Research, 2011). The corporate world can utilize the internet for many purposes. One of the primary benefits of having a corporate website is that it can help a company generate additional revenues. The revenues that a company can generate using e-commerce are not limited to their domestic region. The internet allows companies to reach global customers. Normal physical stores do not have that capability.

Importance of Ethical Behavior Among Employees. Why Do Good People Do Research Paper

Importance of Ethical Behavior Among Employees. Why Do Good People Do Bad Things at Work - Research Paper Example It is the responsibility of the decision makers to take proper moral perspective of the ethical manner in which they should be behaving that will be favorable for the company at large. To choose the right kind of ethical approach in conducting business activities, it may sometimes be necessary to shift from the path of short term profits. The idea is to maintain balance between what is right and what is profitable which may apparently seem difficult. In order to ensure a sustainable business in the long run, the need is to integrate the ethical principles with the company’s strategy. Lack of ethical behavior and social responsibilities can reduce motivation among employees resulting in poor performance and lower profit. Business ethics and social responsibility can have significant positive impacts on the company. A business conducted in an ethical manner can gain the trust of customers which can result in increased sales and profit. Employees will enjoy favorable working cond itions thus encouraging them to remain an integral part of the company which will reduce employee turnover. Aspiring employees will want to work with the company and this can reduce recruitment cost, and also the company will be able to attract the most talented people to join the company. More investors will want to buy shares of the company leading to increase in the price of shares, and this can protect the company from takeover. This paper explores the importance of ethics in employees’ behavior and what motivates them to behave in an ethical manner. Over the last few decades, the growing importance of ethical behavior in business organizations is becoming evident with more and more companies implementing ethics systems in their management. The subject is increasingly being emphasized in course studies of business management. However, there are still organizations that do not recognize the need of ethical behavior, and are still treading the traditional belief that busine ss activities should be focused only on profit maximization. However, general analysis on this subject has concluded that a business organization shoulders the responsibility of ethical behavior, and it does not only entail satisfying the shareholders, but also others who are associated with the business like employees and customers. Implementation of proper ethical management system can lead to an ethical culture among employees thereby improving the overall moral quality of the company. Nevertheless, many organizations still do not consider ethics as important enough to be considered in management systems. These organizations regard ethics as an external factor that has nothing to do with the activities of a business. The fact that business is conducted by human beings and so ethics need to be considered in decision making processes is largely ignored by many organizations (Palomino et al., 2010, pp.16-17). Since business is essentially conducted for making profits, therefore its activities will most naturally focus on profit maximization. Moreover, since business is conducted by human beings, and they are a part of larger society, it is necessary that behaviors of employees have both social and ethical values. In modern times, business is not solely considered as exclusive property of shareholders, but is also considered as a part of society at large. Therefore, the need to project an organization as having ethical values has become very important (Palomino et al., 2010, pp.19). Arguments concerned with business ethics should not be concentrated only on its requirement for competitive advantages, but also should be based on the fact that business is conducted by human beings. If ethics is ignored, then that will inevitably create a de-motivating ambiance

Literature Review - Transformational Leadership Essay

Literature Review - Transformational Leadership - Essay Example In his discussion on political leaders, Burns defined transformational leadership as a process wherein leaders and followers mutually â€Å"promote each other to higher levels of morality and motivation (Jandaghi Matin & Farjami, 2009, p. 211). Another definition identifying transformational leadership as a process is that of Bass (1998) who described transformational leadership not as a characteristic but as a process wherein one person creates a link with another person, thereby establishing a connection that helps increase the level of motivation and morality, both for the leader and for the follower. Two elements appear common to these definitions, that of citing morality as the motivation for behavior, and the strong personal relationship between leader and follower, or between persons, as the source of that motivation. According to Barker (2001), leadership is: (1) a process not specifically a function of the person in charge, but a function of individual wills and needs addre ssed by the dynamics of the collective will; (2) a process of adaptation and of evolution, a deviation from convention involving the dynamic exchange and interchange of value; and (3) a process of energy, not structure. Leadership and change therefore go hand in hand; they are the two most important, yet most problematic elements of organizational behavior (Burnes & By, 2011). Leadership is concerned with bringing about transformational change. The fundamental differences between managers and leaders: †¢ Managers can be dismissed from their jobs for breaking rules; leaders can be dismissed for not breaking the rules when it is called for. †¢ Performance measures against which managers are evaluated are clear and short-term; criteria for judging leaders are more vague and long-term. Transformational v transactional leadership The study by Jiao, Richards and Zhang (2011) observed that transformational leaders and transactional leaders are often viewed in juxtaposition and th erefore contrasted against each other. However, there are successful leaders whose style and approach applies both transactional and transformational leadership principles. Transactional leadership is described as a process whereby followers perform assigned tasks in accordance with the leader’s instructions in contemplation of rewards and praise, while leaders ensure that the promised remuneration or praise, together with the resources necessary to complete the task, are given as promised. The deal becomes a quid-pro-quo, a give-and-take with each party working towards their own self-interest. Transformational leadership, however, involves profound change, wherein the leaders raise their followers’ awareness of the value and importance of specified outcomes, and suggest ways by which the follower may attain these outcomes. Leaders influence their followers and motivate them with a moral purpose, so that they transcend their personal interests and work for the collecti ve benefit, in the process fulfilling a higher order need. When the two (i.e., transactional and

Does Work Overload Justify Negligence?

Does Work Overload Justify Negligence? Muhammad Qasim Introduction According World Health Organization (WHO), Pakistan is one of the 57 countries with acute deficiency of healthcare workforce and with no well-defined human resource development policy in place. The country is facing dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases with Doctor to patient ratio of as high as one doctor per 1254 population (WHO, 2013). The health care’s facilities remain overcrowded by patients, specially the public sector, which result in work overload and stress among the healthcare professionals. Medical officers (MOs) and Post graduate trainees have duty hours as long as 90 hours per week. Healthcare professionals under stressful condition and work overload are more prone to commit negligence and medical errors. The consequences of medical negligence range from a minor harm to loss of human life. This paper will discuss medical negligence, malpractice in relation to work overload in the light of ethical principles and theories. Moreover, some recomme ndation will be put forward to minimize negligence, establish proper reporting system and minimize work overload among healthcare provider. Scenario A 27 years old male was admitted to the general surgery ward with gunshot injury. He was on injection Nalbuphine10 mg as per need. This patient was constantly complaining of severe pain. The assigned nurse assessed his pain and informed the doctor about his condition. She also informed that the patient has already received Nalbuphine up to its maximum limit i.e. four doses in the last 8 hours. The doctor was overwhelmed with the workload of ward and emergency unit as well. He told the nurse that the patient and his family are exaggerating the condition. Meanwhile, the doctor visited the patient and informed the nurse that he has reassured the patient and his family. After one hour, the patient developed breathing difficulty and went into respiratory arrest. Patient was resuscitated promptly for twenty minutes, but he did not revive, and hence expired. The family showed a strip of tablets Lorazepam 2mg, and added that two tablets are given to the patient on the advice of the duty doct or. It was found that the drug was neither mentioned in patient’s file nor was it verbally ordered to the nurse. The doctor requested not to report the incidence. Later on inquiry revealed that consequences occurred due to additive effect of concurrent CNS depressants. Issue Analysis In the above scenario, the patient was in acute pain, the family was worried about his restless condition. His cries and complaints were disturbing other patients in the units. Doctor was burdened with too many responsibilities and had to manage the patients in ward, recovery room, and emergency department at the same time. Being overwhelmed with too many responsibilities he advised two tablet of Lorazepam 2 mg per oral without mentioning in patient file without considering the prior high deses of Nelbuphine. Consequently, due to the additive effect of the concurrent CNS depressants patient collapsed, and after an attempt of unsuccessful cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) patient expired. This was violation of ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Moreover, the doctor’s intention was not to harm the patient however, he bypassed the nurse, did not indicate the order in patient’s file, and handed over written prescription to the father of the patient. The poor father brought the medicine and gave to the patient, which resulted in fatal consequences. It was breach in his duty toward his patient and violation of Hippocratic Oath (Cruess Cruess, 2014). It is also evident from the scenario that doctor wanted to just keep the patient calm and get rid of his pain complain. So, he prescribed a high dose of another sedative medicine for the sake of his ease. Though his intentions was not to harm the patient and was also over loaded with too many responsibilities but, my question is, does work overload justify negligence which cost a human life? Discussion Malpractice is negligence on part of an individual within a professional capacity. According to Beauchamp and Childress (2001) negligence is the absence of due care either intentionally imposing risk of harm or unintentionally but, carelessly in a given situation. Principle of beneficence is central to healthcare and healthcare professionals are expected to be beneficent toward their patients in any circumstances. According to Mustafa (2013) â€Å"Beneficence refers to the promotion of welfare, denoting acts of mercy, unstinting love and selfless humanity† (p.2). However, in this case the doctor not only failed to be beneficent but also committed such an act which resulted in sentinel event. He prescribed the CNS depressant beside he knew that the patient had already received 40 mg of nelbuphine since morning. It was the commission of a maleficent act on his part which, resulted in loss of a precious human life (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). Being in the professional boundary of a doctor, he was trusted upon by the patient and family and was expected to be beneficent toward patient in any case. On contrary, it could be argued that, his intention was not to harm the patient. He just wanted to keep the patient in rest and pain free. In Addition, doctor was overburdened with other responsibilities. He had to take care of other patients so, on the bases of utilitarian theory he was justified to take into consideration the care of other patients as professional obligation. Additionally, it was not only the patient but also the worried family members and other patients in the ward who were disturbed due to his cries and complains. So his decision of prescribing sedative pills was for the benefit of large number of people (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). Though, his workload was more than usual, and he had to fulfill too many responsibilities at a time. However, it neither allows him to be negligent in patient care, nor permit him to violate Hippocratic Oath in which, he had promised that â€Å"he will lead his life and practice his art with integrity and honor by using his power wisely† (Zafar, 2006). His action was deficient as compared to a reasonable and prudent professional under given circumstances (Burkhardt and Nathaniel). Moreover his act was a serious carelessness and maleficent in nature for the client which cost his life. Such negligence is not justifiable on the basis of any legal or moral grounds. Secondly, he bypassed on duty nurse who was responsible for the administration of the medication. It was breach of duty on his part to fail to enter the order in patient’s file. Being responsible for patient’s care, and employ of the institute, he was supposed to follow due course of actions of patient care. Moreover, the concurrence of opiates and sedatives would not have occurred if the doctor had followed proper procedure of prescription. On other hand, it could be claimed that, the ultimate goal of his decision was to relieve suffering of patient. Violating proper procedure of prescription and administration was probably intended to provide prompt relief. However, the nurse could have moved with the doctor in his visit to the patient to argue on the dosage about concurrence. Furthermore, the doctor might have thought about giving prescription to the patient’s attendant will take less time and so prompt relief; he therefore broke the chain of flow of proper protocol. The society expects professionally and morally sound decisions from the doctors. As a part of healthcare team, they are supposed to follow the policies and abide by the rules of the institute they work in. furthermore, â€Å"patients have the right to a quality of care which is marked both by high technical standards and by a humane relationship between the patient and health care providers† (Exter, 2009). In the scenario, the doctor’s noncompliance regarding proper procedure of prescription was below the acceptable standards and violation of his professional obligation. According to American medical association the doctor’s responsibilities include to be ever vigilant for the benefit of patient, and to bear their part in sustaining its institutions and burdens† (Cruess Cruess, 2014). A large number of doctors’ misjudgments and medication errors are corrected by dispensing pharmacist or medication nurse if proper protocols are followed (Al-shara, 20 11). Finally, his request to the nurse about covering the incidence was a professional misconduct as this was a sentinel event. However, the nurse properly followed the virtue of veracity and dared to report the incident. Resultantly, the inquiry revealed that the additive effect of the concurrent CNS depressants was due to negligence in clinical judgment and careless behavior of the doctor. It could be argued that the incidence occurred unintentionally, and its reporting could endanger the doctor’s carrier. In addition, reporting of the incidence could have cost his job and even his license of practice. Is it acceptable to take such risks in a country like Pakistan where there is already shortage of doctors? The negligent behavior of the doctor cost a precious human life, even though he requested the nurse not to uncover the incident. This could be measured a serious misconduct and makes his trustworthiness and moral integrity questionable. According Pakistan medical and dental council the physicians need to attempt highest level of competence and all necessary skills and knowledge, and they will be responsible for their actions (Zafar, 2006).Considering the nature of the event, it was the moral and professional obligation of the nurse to report the incidence promptly. Proper reporting system could prevent future mishaps. Nurse was right in her decision to report the incident on the basis of utilitarian theory for benefit of long number of prospective patients (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2008). Recommendation Healthcare providers need to be competent, skillful, and vigilant to provide efficient care to the patients. They should comply with the Hippocratic Oath and trust and expectations of the society. Sound knowledge of bioethics and Islamic ethics can make a difference and should be the part of curricula across the disciplines of healthcare. Proper policies, procedures and protocols need to be implemented and monitored for compliance at institutional, provincial and country level. The government must consider the establishment of new institutions and policy for staffing and scheduling of healthcare professional to cater the needs of growing population and minimize work overload. The proper reporting and analysis should be carried out following an incidence. Conclusion In the conclusion, malpractice on the basis of work overload could not be justified on any moral or legal grounds. Healthcare professionals should comply with the entrusted expectations of patients and society. They are expected to demonstrated optimal level of clinical and professional competencies and skills to meet challenges of the respective professions. Human life is precious and should always be respected. References Al-Shara, M. (2011). Factors contributing to medication errors in Jordan: a nursing perspective. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 16(2), 158. Barach, P., Moss, F. (2001). Delivering safe health care: safety is a patients right and the obligation of all health professionals.BMJ: British Medical Journal,323(7313), 585. Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Burkhardt, M. Nathaniel, A. (2008). Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing (3rd ed.) Australia: Delmar Cruess, R., Cruess, S. (2014). Updating the Hippocratic Oath to include medicines social contract. Medical education, 48(1), 95-100. Exter, A. (Ed.). (2009). International Health Law and Ethics: Basic Documents. Maklu. Scheffler, R. M., Liu, J. X., Kinfu, Y., Dal Poz, M. R. (2008). Forecasting the global shortage of physicians: an economic-and needs-based approach. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(7), 516-523B. WHO (2007).Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Retrieved from World Health Organization website: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1444?lang=en Zafar , M. H. (2006). Pakistan Medical Dental Council: Code of Ethics. Retrieved April 8, 2014, from http://www.pmdc.org.pk/Ethics/tabid/101/Default.aspx#6

Indochina :: History

Indochina Indochina is made up of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. It was colonized by the French in the late 1800's and given up in 1939. Japan tookover France’s loss after that. After Japan’s defeat in 1945, Vietnam’s patriot and communist, Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh declared Vietnam independent. After that, France came to claim their loss. The US supported France fearing the "Domino Theory" would take affect after in 1949 China fell to communism. In 1950, the US sent troops to South Korea to prevent the dominos from falling. The Vietnamese took fort Dien Bien Phoo in May of 1954, so then the French finally pulled out. That set up 2 nations North Vietnam and South Vietnam split at the 17th parallel. Ho Chi Minh was in the North and was a Communist Ngo Dinh Diem was in South and disliked communism. He argued that if there was an election to choose a leader of 1 unified nation, that Ho would not permit fair elections. Viet Cong Rebellion In 1956, Diem closed all elections, and appointed local officials. That gave him less of support. Also he didn’t win the support of the peasants, that was a major mistake... in the south Vietminh members who were located in South Vietnam formed their own communist party. Diem called them the Viet Cong meaning Vietnamese Communists. North Vietnam supported the rebellion in the early parts. In 1959 the Vietminh set up a supply route to South Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia. They were then named the Ho Chi Minh trail. Also in 1959, the first American advisors were killed during a battle. By 1960 the Vietcong had about 10,000 troops and were threatening to overthrow Diem. Then the US sent 15,100(WorldBook) more US advisors in from 1961 - 1963. The Buddhist’s also had a hard time with Diem, they felt he did not give enough religious freedom. The Buddhists also held the better part of Vietnam’s population. On June 21, 1963, an old Buddhist Monk Quang Duc lit himself on fire as a form of protest. Diem who was a Roman Catholic and his brother, performed massive arrests on Buddhists and raided Buddhist temples. Kennedy urged Diem to improve relationships with Diem, but he didn’t take his offering. Then a group of generals who were against Diem formed. On Nov. 1, 1963, the generals overthrew Diem and his brother, and Diem and Nhu were murdered.

Christianity and Indigenous Communities Essay

?The question about Christianity and its full acceptance into Indigenous communities continues to linger on a fine line of whether Indigenous communities came to a consensus of compromising with the new religion or simply eradicating it by refusing to leave behind their traditional ways of believing and creating â€Å"spiritual† consciousness. Some scholars such as, Kevin Terraciano, in his chapter, â€Å"The People of Two Hearts and the One God from Castile,† argue that Christianity was not only rejected by acts of continuing Indigenous religious practices, but also mocked because it was thought to be a lie and inferior to the Indigenous people in Yanhuitlan and Coatlan; this new religion did not coincide with theirs . On the other hand, in her book, Biography of A Mexican Crucifx, Jennifer Hughes comes to conclude that Indigenous communities accepted Christianity through their own modes of seeing parallel paradigms of their life with the life of religious images such as the Cristo Aparecido from Totolapan. They came to see this image as a representation of their suffering , their colonial journey and their need for finding religious meaning in a newly evangelized land. In Terraciano’s, Two Peoples Heart, he subversively implies that Christianity was based on the idea that there had to exist some type of religious unity based on Catholicism. From this point, Indigenous population have been victims of racism, discrimination, disregard for their beliefs, uprooting and political marginalization. As Terraciano points out, in this process of â€Å"spiritual† conquest, domination can occur occur through methods of interrogation and punishment if found guilty, which was clearly the case during the Spanish Inquisition during the 16th century. Native lords were confronted both by friars, Dominicans and Spanish for their supposed allegiance to practicing â€Å"paganism,† and encouraging Indigenous communities to continue their reverence and offerings to their many â€Å"gods,† while on the surface make a menial space to pray to the â€Å"New God from Castile. † Terraciano explains how in order for Christianity to make itself dominant, the people of Yanhuitlan and Coatlan had to not only get rid of their ancestors images, burn them, but also force themselves to accept Christianity as their only â€Å"spiritual† choice. Nevertheless, Indigenous communities and to a great extent the native lords encouraged Indigenous communities to keep their faith intact . An example of this is given when, Don Fransciso, a native lord who was accused of â€Å"paganism, â€Å" and disruptive behavior stated that the people of Yanhuitlan were not to embrace Christianity, that their gods did not come from Castile, hence a result of this was the mockery of Yanhuitlan peoples both by verbal insults and gestures towards Native Christians, â€Å"There go the Christian Castile, the chickens,† (Terraciano, pg. 7) This shows us that the refusal to indoctrinate Christianity as part of a Yanhuitlan identity was obstruct by the continuing reinforcement that Indigenous communities e where reluctant to forgetting their ancient practices and beliefs. For instance when trialed, Don Francisco was asked if he knew any prayers in Latin, Castillan or Mixtec, he admitted that he knew two, but when asked to recite them, he said he could not remember them (Terraciano, 8). This once more reiterates through the examples given by Terraciano, that native lords saw Christianity as unimportant, they did not care to learn the way of Catholicism or become subservient to the â€Å"God of Castile. † â€Å"After mass, many nobles would drink pulque and joke around that they had not understood a word of the sermon† (Terraciano 8). Ultimately, with the â€Å"ambivalence† of Christianity also came the practice of certain ritual acts which often took place in small areas or carried out in a secluded place where the Indigenous people would be safe, as the lords began to denounce that their gods were angry and had brought upon drought and death to the Yanhuitlan community because some lords were weak enough to follow a â€Å"God† who could not save them from their hunger, even as he was called the almighty and powerful. In conclusion, what Terraciano delivers this idea of a power struggle that occurred within the communities of Yanhuitlan and Coatlan as to converting to Christianity and keeping their original religion as their primal way of religious consciousness and looking at Christianity with eyes of ambiguity and uselessness to their survival, both spiritual and physical. Nevertheless, for other scholars, their research has taken them to analyze the impacts of Christianity from a different perspective, one where both Christianity and Indigeneity mix, forming a culture of religious hybridism. As Jennifer Hughes states in her book, for the missionaries, Christianization in the â€Å"New World† was a genocide to all material of religious culture, it was a process of erasure, yet with this the Indigenous population was left with an spiritual emptiness, hence images such as the Cristo Aparecido became that fulfillement not only to their seek for religious authenticity, but also serving as some type of protective force against the legacy left by colonial conquest. For Hughes, the community of Tolopan accept this image of the Cristo Aparecido since the very beginning, to them

Amy Tans, A Pair of Tickets essays

Amy Tan's, A Pair of Tickets essays In Amy Tans, A Pair of Tickets, June May is the main character who struggles as she searches through her mothers past and tries to become more in touch with her Chinese roots. Throughout the short story, Junes inner conflicts deal with feelings of resentment for her mother and her ethnic identity. At a young age, June May was in denial of her ethnic identity. I was fifteen and had vigorously denied that I had any Chinese whatsoever below my skin. I was a sophomore at Galileo High in San Francisco, and all my Caucasian friends agreed: I was about as Chinese as they were. At the age of 36, Ive never really known what it means to be Chinese(190). June has feelings of resentment for her mother because her mother never told her of her older half-sisters. She feels as if she never really knew her mother. June May takes a journey to China to fulfill her mothers wishes of finding her long lost abandoned twins and to identify with her Chinese culture. The setting of Guangzhou, China, helps June May realize the extreme changes of place and culture. Before arriving to China, June May had different perspectives of China. She thought of China as a dirty, poor, and slummy country. Arriving to Guangzhou China, she realized China was not what she had anticipated. The construction of downtown Guangzhou and the shoving and pushing of crowds made June May feel at home. And then we are caught in a stream of people rushing, and shoving, pushing us along, until we find ourselves in one of a dozen lines waiting to go through customs. I feel as if I were getting on a number 30 Stockton bus in San Francisco (197). Once June May and her father arrived at the Garden Hotel, June could not believe how nice the hotel was even though it was cheap to stay there. She thought that there was going to be a giant feast with Peking duck and the works, but her father decided to dine in the hotel roo...

DDT- A problem essays

DDT- A problem essays The controversial use of DDT has been common place in the late 19th to early 20th century. As many pesticides started, their costs were overlooked by the out-weighing benefits. DDT has both advantages and disadvantages that cohere to its history. The advantages being that of controlling malaria and other insect causing diseases. Meanwhile, the disadvantages are that of harming animal populations, specifically the marine community and birds. Not to mention causing cancer in humans. The history behind DDT is rather prevalent. It was discovered in the late 19th century, but dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDT) insecticidal property wasnt discovered until 1948. The credit for this discovery was given to Paul Muller when he received a Nobel Prize in medicine for his findings on DDT. As stated earlier, it was used to controlled malaria and other tropical-disease outbreaks all over the world. It was cheap and effective. Little did people know that it was a cancer-causing agent in the making. It worked like a charm for many farmers that used it haphazardly on their crop. In and around the 1960s, Health officials started to notice harmful effects directly related to the use of DDT. In some fish, it had the capability of converting a male fish into a female that would later bear viable young. In humans, it hindered the immune system, particularly in babies because of their weak immune systems when born. The way humans got infect was by direct and indirect means. The direct way was the immediate handling of the pesticide. On the other hand, the indirect way could be classed as a type of synergy. This by which the DDT was sprayed over a crop, rain runoff would spill into a body of water containing DDT, within this process a worm ultimately got infected by it, then a fish ate the worm continuing the infection. Soon afterward a human would eat the fish and become infected as well. DDT was finally ba ...

Theories of Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theories of Leadership - Coursework Example It thus assumes presence of a set of observable actions that promote leadership. This theory also considers modification of behavior due to either reward or punishment. Both approaches emphasize that a leader must exhibit certain actions in any given action. According to Judge et al. (2002), behavioral is part of trait because it holds that leaders have common personality attributes that cause them to behave in a certain way, however deviates in that all individuals have potential for leadership. According to Daft (2007), trait approach of leadership holds that a leader is born and thus the attributes elicited are inherent whereas according to behavioral approach a leader can be trained to exhibit the actions that demonstrate leadership. Behavioral thus holds out that anyone can be developed to a leader with the proper environment; however, trait theory holds that leadership is determined at birth. The behavioral approach is a complimentary to the trait theory as it seeks to combine the innate with the consequent actions exhibited. Every individual is endowed with leadership potential and with conducive environment the ultimate leadership capacity can be

Provide an insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of Essay

Provide an insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of internal and external recruitment - Essay Example sed to legally get hold of an adequate number of qualified individuals at the right place and time so that the people and the organization can select each other in their interests. This means that the recruitment process gives the organization a number of potentially qualified job candidates from which employers can make well judged selection to fill available jobs (Dessler, 2002). Recruitment might be carried out through internal or external sources. In instances when internal recruitment does not generate the number or quality of staff needed, the organization has to recruit from external sources (Community for human resource management, 2008). Internal recruitment is recruitment which takes place in the organization. It is the hunt for in-house personnel who have the skills and attitudes to accomplish the requirements needed and to facilitate the organization attain its goals.  Internal vacancies can be promoted within the business through staff notice boards, intranets (website whose viewing is limited to the organizations members), in-house magazines, newsletters and staff meetings. In case of internal recruitment, employees are transferred from one department to another based on their competence and knowledge. The can also be promoted from one department to another with additional benefits and greater responsibility according to his or her competence and skill. This can be done through job postings which is advertising a vacant position to employees and mentioning its requirements. Upgrading or demotions are another example of internal recruitment. Retired and retrenched employees may also be recruited once again if there is a scarcity of competent personnel or the work load increases. Recruitment of such individuals saves time and costs of the organization as they are previously conscious of the organizational set up and the regulations. The dependents and relatives of deceased employees and disabled employees are also employed by numerous organizations